Learning the Nervous System

 Chapters 14 - 19

.  This tends to be a difficult unit of study, but you have many tools which will aide your successful learning. NOTE:  There are 6 chapters for this material on the skeletal system. REMEMBER!  When you come to the tools, you will only see the link to your online learning center.  Select each chapter individually and proceed to do the materials you have done in the past for each topic.  There is no substitute for learning by touching the structures and even coloring them in your Visual Analogy Guide and using the  Anatomy and Physiology revealed CD  You have approximately 1.5 weeks to complete this task.  Enjoy the stimulation this unit brings!

At the end of the study of this system, the successful student will be able to:

LECTURE:

1. Chapter 14: Nervous Tissue

• Be able to recognize and understand  the Structural and Functional Divisions and The Functional Organization of the Nervous System P.414- 415

• 

• Recognize by structure and function the cellular Organization in Neural Tissue.  p.420-422

  • be able to recognize by structure and function each of the Glial cells listed below

  • Astrocytes

  • Oligodendrocytes

  • Microglia

  • Ependymal cells

  • 

  • Structural and Functional Classification of Neurons p 418-419

    • know the name and function of each: ** see  table 14.3 p. 419 text and Figure 14.5 Page 419

      • Unipolar neuron

      • bipolar neuron

      • multipolar neuron

      • Sensory neuron

      • Interneuron

      • Motor Neuron

  Multipolar Neuron See Fig 14.3 Page 417

  •        Be able to recognize and understand all structures listed on the Structure of a Typical Neuron

  •        Be able to understand Myelination of Axons P. 423

                                 

  Neurophysiology:  p.428-429:   See lecture for details and or the Action Potential Generation on APR

  • APR 2.0:  Select Animation,Action Potential Generation and Propagation

  

• Synaptic Communication  p428-429

  • APR 2.0:  Select Animation, chemical synapse

• 

Structure of a NERVE

Be able to understand, recognize and label the parts of the Nerve Structure

See Figure 14.12 for a visual reference

Be able to recognize and Understand the 3 Types of Synapses    Text P 428-429.

****OMIT FROM THIS CHAPTER:  Neuron Integration and Neuronal Pools P 430& Development of the Nervous system,P. 432

 

•  

•  Chapter 15:Brain and Cranial Nerves:  

• Identify the FOUR Major Regions of the Brain and the major structures found with each:

•     1.  Cerebrum

•     2.  Diencephalon

•     3.  Brainstem

•     4. Cerebellum

•    See APR 2.0:  Animation:  Divisions of the Brain

•  

• Recognize the structure and function of the cranial meninges P. 446

• 

  • APR2.0  Select from the animations menu, Meninges.  Study this carefully

  • Dura Mater (outer)"tough mother"

  • Arachnoid  (middle)

  • Pia Mater   (inner)  "delicate mother"

  •  

• Understanding the production and circulation of Cerebral Spinal Fluid P. 451

  • Go to your APR 2.0:  Select Animation, CSF flow.  You will find this extremely helpful.  Compare this carefully to your text

• 

• Identify the structures within the Cerebrum and their function:  P. 452-468

  • APR 2.0  Select Animation Divisions of the Brain

•                  **** NOTE:  Page 454 Table 15.3:  Lobe and Primary Function ONLY

• Understand the structures and functions of the DiencephalonP. 460

• 

• Recognize the structures and functions of the Brainstem: Pons and Medulla Oblongata P 463-466

• 

• Recognize the structure and function of the cerebellum P. P 467

• 

• Recognize the structure and function of the 12 pair of cranial nerves P. 470

  • APR 2.0 Select from the Dissection Menu: Cranial Nerves.  Be certain to use the tags to label them.  Remember to use the pronounce button to hear the words!

• See the specific tables on pages 472-479 for details

Omit From This Chapter:

• P 442-444 Embryonic Brain Development

• P. 456: Sensory-Association Areas

• P. 461: Table 15.5: Functions of Thalamic Nuclei

• P. 462: Table 15.6: Nucleus of Hypothalamic Regions

• P 464-465: Omit all EXCEPT Thalamus, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

• P 466: Fig. 15.21:  Omit all

• P. 468 Limbic system

 Chapter 16: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves:

Identify the Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and the meninges that cover it P. 485-488

Be able to Identify the Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and the Neuron Pathways  P. 489

APR 2.0:  Selection the Dissection Menu, select Spinal Cord to test yourself on the anatomy of the cord.  Remember to click the pronounce button to hear the words you are having difficulty with!

Identify the Structure, distribution and innervations patterns of the spinal nerve plexus and the nerve listed below:P. 492-500

Cervical Plexus:  P. 494 Phrenic Nerve and innervations

Brachial Plexus:   P. 496:  Axillary, median, Ulnar and Radial Nerve

Lumbar Plexus: P. 501 Femoral Nerve

Sacral Plexus:  P. 506:    Sciatic Nerve

Recognize the difference between a Monosynaptic and Polysynaptic Reflex:

APR 2.0  Select from the Animation Menu,  Reflex Arc.  This is extremely helpful

OMIT From this Chapter:

• P. 493: Dermatome Mapping

• P. 510: Spinal Reflexes & Reflex Testing

• P. 511-512:  Development of the Spinal Cord

Chapter 17:  Pathways and Integrative Functions:

Recognize sensory and motor pathways in the spinal cord:

P. 518:  Functional Anatomy of Sensory Pathways: 

• See Figures 17.2-17.3-17.4

P. 521:  Functional Anatomy of Motor Pathways

• See Figures 17.6-17.7

Omit from this Chapter:

• P. 523-533

Chapter 18: Autonomic Nervous System

Identify the components of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

APR 2.0 Select from the Dissection Menu.  Select Autonomic Nervous System then click on the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Identify and understand the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic Nervous System538-550

See Text P.  542 and P.552 ( Lecture will discuss this)

P 544-546

Omit from this Chapter:

• Text P. 548-555

Chapter 19:  Senses: General and Special

This Chapter is to be taught primarily (if not totally) in lab.  This information will be included on your lecture exam

General cutaneous Receptors: P. 560-570

Tongue Papillae P. 567.

Eye: P 574***see lab for model and specific structures

APR 2.0:Select from the animation menu: Vision

Ear P. 586*** see lab for model and specific structures

APR 2.0  Select from the animation menu ,Hearing for a 3 minute clip on structures you will need to know.

 

 

LAB:

In addition, from the Lab Studies, the student will be able to Identify the following:

APR  2.0

Choose dissection icon and note the topics that are available to you to strengthen your topics to learn in this unit.  Remember also to choose the animation icon for additional information on more difficult lecture topics. 

• NERVE CELL MODEL: (One Per Table) Recognize and Identify the Gross Anatomy Nerve Cell  (Multipolar Neuron)

  • dendrites

  • Cell body (soma)

  • nucleus

  • Axon hillock

  • Axon

  • Neurolemmocyte (schwann cell)

  • nucleus of Neurolemmocyte

  • Neurofibril Node (Node of Ranvier)

  • Synaptic knobs (end bulbs or terminal butons)

  • 

•  

  Spinal Cord Model CS: (one per table) See APR 2 Dissection

   

  • White Matter  (Text P. 487)

  • Posterior Median Sulcus

  • Anterior Median fissure

  • Gray matter

  • posterior horn

  • Anterior horn

  • Lateral horn

  • central canal

  • Spinal Nerve  (Text P.491)

  • Posterior Root Ganglion (Text P.491)

  • Posterior root(dorsal) (sensory) (Text P.491)

  • Anterior root(ventral -motor) (Text P.491)

  • Dura mater (Text P 488)*located on Plastinated Human Brain only

  • Arachnoid (Text P 488) *  not on lab model

  • Pia mater  (Text P 488)  *  not on lab model

  APR 2.0:  Select the Dissection menu, select the spinal cord, select the tags to gain mastery of the structures you are to learn.  Remember to click the pronounce key to hear the words

• :  BRAIN MODEL: (one per table)

  • Find most of these structures on the Plastinated Human Brain  and Somso Brain Model in the Lab.

    Cerebrum

    • Frontal lobe

    • Parietal lobe

    • Temporal lobe

    • Occipital lobe

    • Insular lobe (Not visible in lab)(Text P 454)**

    • Gyri (gyrus)

    • Sulci-sulcus (Lateral and Central)

    • Longitudinal fissure

    • Corpus Callosum

    • cranial meninges

    Cerebellum

    • Arbor Vitae (white matter)

    Diencephalon

    • Thalamus

    • Hypothalamus

    • Epithalamus (Pineal gland)

    • Pituitary gland

    Brainstem

    • Midbrain( Mesencephalon) P. 441

    • Pons

    • Medulla Oblongata

    Inferior Brain : (Cranial Nerves) APR

    • Olfactory bulb (Text P. 440)

    • Olfactory tract

    • Optic Nerve

  • NOTE:Cranial Nerves: 

    • Identify Cranial Nerve I and II by location( see list above) and function on the lab model *(ALL 12 by structure and function in LECTURE ONLY).

    • APR 2.0:  Select the Dissection menu and select cranial nerves.  Remember to click on the tags to test your memory of the structures.  Also remember to click on the pronounce key to hear the words

•  

• Special Senses  Chapter 19

  • EYE Model (one per table) Recognize & Identify by using the lab model the following structures: Text P 574

    • APR 2.0:  Select the Dissection menu, Vision to dissect and label.  Make sure you click the pronounce button to hear these words

    

    • iris

    • pupil

    • sclera

    • cornea

    • lens

    • Vitreous gel(within Posterior cavity)

    • retina (where rods and cones are)

    • choroid

    • optic nerve

  • Ear Model  (one per table)

    • APR 2.0:  Select the Dissection menu, Hearing/Balance to dissect and label.  Make sure you click the pronounce button to hear the words.  Text P. 586

    

    • Outer

      • Auricle (Pinna)

      • External acoustic meatus

      • Tympanic Membrane

    • Middle

      • malleus(Hammer)

      • Incus (anvil)

      • Stapes ( stirrup)

    • Inner

      • Semicircular canals

      • Cochlea`

Mastery of the lab portion of this unit will be measured by

1. being able to list the structures as described in a written lab quiz

2. write the appropriate label for the "pinned" structure on a model or diagram

Return to the course schedule

• The following sources of information will help you master the  the nervous system and the related structures for which you are responsible.

1. McGraw Hill website:  online Learning Center text material has great potential to help you learn the many components of anatomy and Physiology:

1. Body Smart which has animations to help you learn the basic components of the body's systems
2. Do the multiple choice, matching, and labeling for each chapters 14-19.
3. Use your Anatomy and Physiology revealed OFTEN, studying the interactive images, not just watching them.
4. Practice, practice, practice and then practice more.  There is a lot of material in these 6 chapters and you will have to spend at least twice as much time as you think you will need to to actually master all this critical material.

2. Textbook:  Read the objectives.  Use them as a guide when you 

   1. skim read the chapter to get a feel for the content and how the different topics are related

   2. reread the chapter look for the critical points and preparing for lecture

   3. study the chapter to learn the critical content

   4. review the chapter preparing for the quizzes and exams

3. Lecture:    Attend all lectures.  Use them to 

   1. identify important points

   2. ask questions of points not well understood in the text

   3. measure your learning comprehension

4. Lab:     Attend your scheduled lab and take advantage of open times to continue to study  
               Use your labs to correlate text structures to actual specimens in lab

5. You may find the glossary helpful for terminology understanding and to learn how to pronounce the words.  If you have forgotten how to call up the glossary, return to the introduction and reread the directions.  There are so many new terms that if you don't practice pronunciation at the same time you master the meaning, you will eventually find yourself very, very confused.  Adult learners remember via words stored in memory.  Without the sound that goes with the word, you will have difficulty retaining the work and its meaning.

Return to the course schedule

Last modified: May 10, 2005 by Cynthia Herbrandson © Copyright 1999, Kellogg Community College. All rights reserved.