Learning the Skeletal System Chapter 6

 The skeletal system is the building block framework of the entire human body. Understanding the skeletal system will require you to master the names of many of the 206 bones and their processes, condyles, sutures, foramens, articular cartilage to mention just the major components.  Note that they are organized in two major grouping:  Axial and Appendicular.  Although mastering the skeletal system in 2 weeks appears to be overwhelming, there are many tools which will aide your successful learning.  REMEMBER!  There is no substitute for learning the bones by "Touching" them.  You will have human skeletons in lab --both articulated and disarticulated when you take your lab practical exam. Spend as much time as you possibly can touching and comparing real skeletal bones to your text and lab book.  Below you will find the listing of the specific skeletal system components for which you are responsible. HAVE FUN!  Note that you can get really good practice by using your EAP CD(E, D, G)  (NOTE:  You may find it easier to just run the CD from your computer.).  (Click Start, Run, Browse for your CD.  Select Start_EAP3e_CD from the files displayed.), ADAM Interactive Anatomy (LRC Lab). PLEASE NOTE:  The website is NOT for your textbook, but the content is identical (human body is a human body is a ...) so the activities will be the same.

At the end of this Text chapter, the successful student will be able to

• recognize the macroscopic structure of bone   P. 128-129

• recognize the microscopic structure of bone  fig 6.3 p.130

• recognize by structural function the cells in bone

  • osteocytes

  • osteoblasts

  • osteoclasts

• Recognize the different shapes of bones fig 6.1 P.128

• Identify the structural characteristics of a long bone  P. 129-130

• Recognize the (2) major forms of ossification   P. 131-133

  • Intramembranous (flat bones)

  • Endochondrial  (long bones)

• Recognize bone marking term  P. 136

AXIAL SKELETON:   P. 139-141

1. SKULL  Lab Plates 30-33  lab pages 56-61

2. In addition, note the 3 tiny bones within the temporal bone: Malleus, incus, stapes (see text p.297)

The SKULL FORAMINA are numerous.  You need to know only the following: lab page 57

•  mental foramen           lab p.57

• mandibular foramen

• foramen magnum        lab p. 60

• supraorbital foramen   lab p.57

The SKULL BONES:  know each and landmarks on each: Here are 3 examples:

BONE	SPECIFIC STRUCTURES TO IDENTIFY
Sphenoid Bone	sella turcica, sphenoidal sinus lab p.67-69
Ethmoid Bone	Cristi Gali, Cribiform plate, Ethmoid sinus lab p.65
Bones containing a sinus	Frontal.ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

• SUTURES:  Identify by location and bones they divide

  • Coronal

  • Sagittal

  • Squamosal

  • Lambdoidal

• Fetal Skull

  • Anterior Fontanel --Posterior(occipital) fontanel--sphenoidal--masoid fontanel *(NOTE:  The Anterior and Posterior fontanel are the 2 you should locate in the lab)

2. VERTEBRA: (please notice the learning aid for remembering the numbers of bones in the discussion area of your class's blackboard site)lab pages72-79

• CERVICAL (although there are 7 you will only need to know for this course:) lab p75

  • ATLAS C-1 (specifically by name & structures)

  • AXIS C-2 (specifically by name and structures...EX.. dens/ odontoid) lab p75

  • From C-3 thru C-7 you need to know:

    • Transverse foramina (all cervicals)

    • Bifid spinous processes(Most cervicals)

• THORACIC (12)  lab p 77-79

  • Rib facets

  • positions of spinous process

• LUMBAR (5)   lab p 79

  • Size alone

• SACRUM (5 fused)

• COCCYX (3-4 fused)

3.   RIBS:  Observe attachment from vertebra to sternum   lab p 80-81

• True Ribs (first 7)

• False ribs (last 5)

• Floating ribs (11-12 only)              

4. STERNUM:( by location)   lab p. 80-81

• Manubrium

• Body

• Xiphoid

APPENDICULAR SKELETON:  P. 150-156

• Pectoral Girdle:

  • Clavical (sternal end & acromial end)

  • Scapula ( acromion process, coracoid process, glenoid cavity)  lab p. 82-83

• Upper arm

  • Humerus:  (greater & lesser tubercle, olecranon fossa)  lab p. 84-85

• Lower arm

  • Ulna: (olecranon process, styloid process)  lab p 86-87

  • Radius: ( rounded head, styloid process)

• Hand (identify only the following)   lab p 88-89

  • carpals

  • metacarpals

  • Phalanges

• Pelvic Girdle":   lab p 90-91

  • Coxal Bone 

    • ilium

    • ischium

    • pubis

    • additional structures of the Coxal Bone for which you are responsible:  

      • obturator foramen

      • acetabulum

      • ischial spine and tuberosity

• Upper leg

  • Femur: ( Greater Trochanter, Lesser Trochanter, condyles   lab p. 92-93

• Patella (knee cap)

• Lower leg   lab p. 94-95

  • Tibia:( anterior crest, medial maleolus)

  • Fibula (lateral maleolus)

• Foot : (Identify the following)   lab p. 96-97

  •     Tarsals (talus and calcaneus specifically)

  •     Metatarsals

  •     phalanges

  Be able to indicate RIGHT vs LEFT on the following bones

  • Scapula

  • humerus

  • coxal bone

  • femur

  • Tibia

Classification of Articulations p. 156  

• Identify the following by location and function  P. 157-158

  • Synarthrotic      (immovable)

  • Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)

  • Diarthrotic        (freely movable)

• Identify by naming the structures of the following joints

  • Shoulder  p. 164

  • elbow      p. 164

  • hip           p. 165

  • Knee       p. 166

In Addition to the above, from the Lab Studies, the student will be able to Identify the following structures using the Visual Analogy Guide (pages listed)

• Recognize, Identify by label and answer the appropriate questions for the following

  • Bones:  Overview structures  p. 53-55

  • Axial Structures  p. 56-81 including bony landmarks

    • skull  Lab plates Pages 56-71

    • Fetal skull (4 fontanels)  page 61

    • vertebra           pages 72-79

    • sternum            pages 80-81

    • ribs                  pages: 80-81

  • Appendicular Structures                p. 83-97(including bony landmarks)

    • Scapula and clavicle            pages 83

    • arm bones (3)                     page 85-87

    • hand ( 3 divisions)               pages 88-89

    • pelvis /coxal bones (2)         pages 90-91

    • Foot bones                          pages 96-97

  • Joints   (see text)

    • Recognize, label structures and answer questions

    Be able to indicate RIGHT vs LEFT on the following bones

    • Scapula

    • humerus

    • coxal bone

    • femur

    • Tibia

     

The following sources of information will help you master the  bones and their related structures for which you are responsible.

1. Prenhall website:    The interactive labeling exercises have great potential to help you learn the many components of the skeletal system

   1. Chapter information

   2. Review the quizzes  (Note, your "lecture" exams will contain questions like these)

      1. Multiple Choice

      2. Matching

   3. and to prepare for you Lab quizzes and exams:   labeling exercises.

2. Textbook:  Read the objectives.  Use them as a guide when you 

   1. skim read the chapter to get a feel for the content and how the different topics are related

   2. reread the chapter look for the critical points and preparing for lecture

   3. study the chapter to learn the critical content

   4. review the chapter preparing for the quizzes and exams

3. Lecture:    Attend all lectures.  Use them to 

   1. identify important points

   2. ask questions of points not well understood in the text

   3. measure your learning comprehension

4. Lab:     Attend your scheduled lab and take advantage of open times to continue to study  
               Use your labs to correlate text structures to actual specimens in lab

5. EAP CDrom:  Interact with the materials on your CD  (Note:  Use E: links for a cd-rom in Drive E and use D: links for a cd-rom in Drive D, Use G:links in the open computer lab in the LRC).   

   Please NOTE:  When you click on the link, you will be asked what you want to do with the program.  Select RUN if using Netscape or OPEN if using Internet Explorer.  DO NOT DOWNLOAD.  You may find it easier to just run the CD from your computer.  (Click Start, Run, Browse for your CD.  Select Start_EAP3e_CD from the files displayed.  Once the CD is running, Select the current chapter from the Main menu.  Do the exercises, animations, and tests that you think will best help you master the material.

   1.  E:  CD-ROM materials on Drive E
   2.  D:  CD-ROM materials on Drive D
   3.  G:  CD-ROM materials on Drive G  (in the LRC open computer lab)

6. A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy CD Rom is available in our campus computer labs.  You will find this very helpful. Identify as many parts of the Axial and Appendicular skeleton as you possibly can.  Note you can rotate ADAM anterior, posterior, medial and lateral to see all structures.

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Last modified: January 19, 2005 by Cynthia Herbrandson © Copyright 1999, Kellogg Community College. All rights reserved.