Chapter 8 - Assignments

Textbook Companion

• Go to your textbook companion site:
  • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072528400/student_view0/
  • Select this chapter from the drop down menu on the left.
• Click the Key Terms Flashcards item on the left.
• Go through the cards until you know all the terms.
• If there are terms that you are not certain how to pronounce,
  • click the glossary
    • Click the first letter of the term at the top of the glossary
    • Scroll down until you see the term. 
    • Click the term and listen to the pronunciation.
    • Practice saying and spelling the term until you are certain you know it.
• Take the test on terms for this chapter.
  • Scroll down to the bottom of this page and click the link "take quiz" below the heading saying  terms.
  • The test is timed and you will only have 10 minutes to take it.  Once you start the test, you must complete it or the test will be locked.  Make certain you watch the clock on the screen so that you submit it on time.

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Course Companion: Web Links

• Go to your textbook companion site:
  • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072528400/student_view0/
  • Select this chapter from the drop down menu on the left.
• Click the link for chapter web links
  • Look at several of the links you think might be interesting
  • Select one for which you want to do a report.
  • If none of them look interesting to you, consider selecting one of these instead:
    • Check out websites for help and understanding
      • Angiosperms
        • http://pittsford.monroe.edu/jefferson/calfieri/plants/Angiosperm.html
      • Flower structure
        • http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/Plants_Human/flowerstructure.html
      • Botany-Angiosperms
        • http://www.mhhe.com/links/pages/Botany/Angiosperms/
      • Seed and Seed Germination
        • http://plantphys.info/plants_human/seedgerm.html
      • From Flower to fruit
        • http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT201/Angiosperm/FlowerFruit.htm
• Write a brief summary of what you learned from reading the report.  You must have at least three specific statements of things you learned (or found interesting).  You must include both the name of the reading and the URL in your summary.
• Post your summary on the class discussion board as a reply to the appropriate thread. 
• Read at least one of the summaries that your classmates have posted.  Reply to your classmate's summary with a list of at least two things you found interesting about that summary.  You must make an original reply.  Any replies that appear very similar to the replies of another student will not receive credit.  It would probably be best to reply to a summary that does not have a reply to make certain that your reply is unique.

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Review/Discussion/Summary

At the end of the chapter, you will find a summary, review questions, and discussion questions for the chapter.  Read the summary, the review questions, and discussion questions.  Go to the class discussion board.  Click the thread for review/discussion/summary.  Read the postings of your classmates.  YOU MAY NOT post the same review question, discussion question or summary point as any of your classmates. 

• If you select a review question, you must state the question and then answer it completely.
• If you choose a discussion question, you must state the question and then answer it completely.
• If you choose a summary question, you must state the the summary point and then expand on it.  For example if you select summary 7 from chapter 1, you would answer something like:
  • Botany, the study of plants, apparently began with Stone Age peoples' practical uses of plants. Eventually, botany became a science as intellectual curiosity about plants arose.  Botany is considered because the scientific method which describes the procedures of assuming and testing hypotheses, is used when studying botany.

Your posting must be accurate and must use good grammar.  The subject of your posting should be:

• review # OR
• discussion # OR
• Summary #

where # represents the number of the item.

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Lab Work

For this lab, you are to collect common fruits, identify them by common name, classify them, and list the common characteristics.  You should use your refrigerator or on-line websites to access fruits.  You should examine them by cutting them and looking closely at the structures and match them with the identification tools listed in Lab 19 in your lab book.  In addition, Click here to see a class as it completes the lab and make certain you can identify the fruits that this class used.

In addition you can use the sites given in the Course Companion: Web links section above to see the type of things you could see if you did this assignment in a lab. 

Answer questions 1-6 from review questions Lab 19 in your lab manual as well as all 10 questions from the quiz for lab 19.  Be certain that in addition to answering the Review and Quiz questions.  More than half of the quiz will be selecting the correct common name, classification, and characteristics for the fruits shown in the presentation class as it completes the lab.

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Chapter Quiz

There will be a 20 question quiz for each chapter.  The quiz is open book and notes, but it is timed and you will only have 15 minutes to answer the 20 quiz questions.  However, you may take the test as many times as you want.  Each time to take the quiz, you will be presented with 20 questions randomly selected from the chapter test pool.   NOTE:  For the final exam you will NOT be allowed to use notes or take the exam more than once, but the questions will come from the test pools for chapters 7 through 10.  To take the chapter quiz,

• Scroll down to the bottom of this page.  (Click assignments, intro assignment to get back here)
• Click the "take quiz" link below the Chapter Quiz label.
• You only have 15 minutes for the quiz, BUT
• You may take it again and again as often as you want until the due date for the assignment is past.

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Grading Rubric:

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Fruits and Flowers

In this lab students will use a dichotomous key to classify fruits as fleshy (and their category) or Dry (and their category).  In addition the student will complete lab exercise 19.

At the end of this lab the successful student will be able to Classify the fruits from our lab.  Remember, A Fruit botanically speaking is any ovary and its accessory parts that have developed and matured.  It also usually contains seeds.  So, by definition many of the vegetables you will be observing in this lab are really fruits.  Examples you will see include Tomatoes, cucumbers and squash.

• Getting ready for the lab
• SIMPLE FLESHY FRUIT
  • Drupe
    • Peaches and Cherries
  • Pome
    • Apple
  • Berries (four types)
    • True berry
      • grapes
      • tomato
    • Berry with inferior ovary
      • Banana
    • Pepo
      • cantaloupe
      • cucumber
      • squash & pumpkin
    • Hesperidium
      • orange
• AGGREGATE FRUIT
  • strawberry
• MULTIPLE FRUIT
  • pineapple
• DRY FRUITS
  • Split @ maturity
    • beans & Peas
  • Do not split @ maturity
    • nuts
• Enjoying fruits of labor while reviewing for the lab quiz
• Studying for the quiz then taking it

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Starting the Lab:

              
Here are the "raw ingredients" for our fruits and flowers lab.  There are actually two flowers here.  Can you find them both?  Students come to the main table and take the things they think they will need to demonstrate their ability to classify fruits.  Then they measure, cut, and make diagrams in their lab notebooks. Below are samples of ways the groups of students set up their group's work area for the task.

            So, Here is the Lab you will be working on.  This is a presentation of the Mature Fruit both Fleshy and dry.  Remember these fruits are derived from flowers that were fertilized and bore these fruits.  In essence you  are working backward toward the floral arrangement of the fruits you will be presented with.
Notice that after they group had classified the fruit, some students enjoyed "disposing" of their "specimen".

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Simple Fleshy Fruits (remember only one pistil)

• Drupe

  • Peaches and Cherries
    •            Carefully observe this peach.  Draw this in your notebook and list the characteristics that place it as a "drupe".  Go back to the flower drawing on page 130 of your text and make sure you understand these characteristics. 
    • Note the cherry would also be a drupe.  Check your list for more fruits that are a drupe.

• Pome

  • Apple and pear
    •                 Again referencing your text Ch 8 p.132.  This fruit is fleshy and develops from a flower with a single pistil.  The bulk of flesh comes from an enlarged floral tube that grows up around the ovary.
    • Note the pear is also a Pome.  You can observe that the endocarp around the seeds of both these fruits is papery or leathery

• Berries (four types)

  • True berry
    • grapes
      •      Observe these grapes while studying your dicotomous key.  Grapes are classified as "simple" and "fleshy".  They are a  True berry because:
      • compound ovary
      • fleshy pericarp
      • thin skin
      • soft at maturity
    • tomato
      •            The Tomato is also "botanically speaking" a True Berry because
      • thin skin
      • pericarp is soft at maturity and fleshy

• Berry with inferior ovary

  Banana

  •                     Now on to the Banana
  •  An inferior ovary with parts of the flower contributing to the flesh
  • scars of flower parts often persist at the tip
  • Note other examples here are the blueberry and cranberry
  • Note also the "cultivated banana" is parthenocarpic (its fruit develops without fertilization so there are no seeds.)

• Pepo
  • cantaloupe
    •               
  • cucumber
    •          
      Note that when we purchase cucumbers for table use, we normally eat them in an immature state where the "rind" is still relative soft and the seeds are small. When the cucumber is fully ripe, the "rind" is hard and the fruit more closely resembles a squash.
  • Squash
    •  
  • The cantaloupe, squash and cucumber have a thick rind in addition to the general characteristics that classify them as a Pepo..."berry with a thick rind".

• Hesperidium
  • orange
    •                    This is a berry with a leathery skin containing oils yet still a simple fleshy fruit.

[Return to Berries]  [Return to Top]  [Return to start of Fruits lab]   [Return to the Lab Work]

AGGREGATE FRUIT

• strawberry
  •           These are complex fruits (from more than one ovary).  Note the fruits here are from many carpels on a single flower.  You are observing the strawberry yet note this is also true of a raspberry and blackberry

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MULTIPLE FRUIT

• pineapple
  •                         These fruits are from carpels of many flowers fused together in single florescence.  The flowers mature separately into fruitlets then develop together into a single larger fruit

 [Return to Top]  [Return to start of Fruits lab]   [Return to the Lab Work]

DRY FRUITS

• Split @ maturity
  • beans & Peas

    These are fruits whose "mesocarp" is dry at maturity.  The above fruits you have observed had fleshy mesocarps

    •       These are Legumes that split along two sides or seams
• Do not split @ maturity
  • nuts

    These are dry, single seeds that unite with the pericarp

    Continue to classify and place the notes and drawings in your lab notebook

    •         

 [Return to Top]  [Return to start of Fruits lab]   [Return to the Lab Work]

Enjoying fruits of labor while reviewing for the lab quiz

•               Now is time to enjoy the fruits of your labor.  Add a bit of cake and whip cream to your aggregate fruit and you will enjoy strawberry shortcake!

 [Return to Top]  [Return to start of Fruits lab]   [Return to the Lab Work]

Studying for the quiz then taking it

•         With the practice and review of ALL your dicotomy you have placed in your notebook you will be ready to advance to the quiz!

 [Return to Top]  [Return to start of Fruits lab]   [Return to the Lab Work]

Practice by Memory

A bc d 
e f g h

Can you Identify these fruits by

• Common name
• Classification
• Characteristics

If you can, you are ready to take the identification part of the quiz.

FOR EXAMPLE what I am looking for as an answer to the first fruit given above, peach, is

• a:  Peach; Simple Fleshy Fruit, drupe; single seed, stony endocarp;

You will be held responsible for all of the fruits shown as well as the questions 1-6 from review questions Lab 19 in your lab manual as well as all 10 questions from the quiz for lab 19.

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